Europe's airports see strong recovery over the summer

Image courtesy ACI

Passenger traffic across the European airport network increased by +12.1% in Q3 compared to the same period last year. Despite persistently higher air fares and enduring pressures from rising inflation, the summer months showed a very robust performance overall.

When compared to pre-pandemic (Q3 2019) levels, passenger traffic in Q3 stood at -3.1%, marking a significant improvement over the first half of the year (-7.7%) and signifying continued progress towards reaching 2019 traffic levels.

Milestones were reached during Q3, when London-Heathrow - Europe’s busiest airport by passenger volume - surpassed its 2019 traffic performance for the first time since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and nearly half of Europe’s airports had recovered their 2019 traffic volumes (48%).

Olivier Jankovec (above), Director General of ACI EUROPE commented: “The peak Summer season has brought Europe’s airports ever closer to a full recovery in passenger traffic, with demand largely defying inflationary pressures, much higher air fares and geopolitical tensions. But beyond positive headline figures, there were significant variations in traffic performance across both national and individual airport markets. These reflect the impact of the war in Ukraine and more generally structural changes in the aviation market. Leisure and blended demand is king, still predominantly focused on intra-European and transatlantic routes - and very much driven by capacity expansion from Ultra-Low Cost Carriers. 

“This aviation market reality comes with increased competitive pressures for airports and continued financial challenges. Unlike airlines which have been flexing their pricing power and posting record profits, airports are still struggling to reflect inflationary pressures into their user charges - and their profitability remains below what is needed to meet investment needs.”

EU+ market
In Q3, EU+ airports came close to their 2019 passenger traffic levels, standing just -4.2% below. This marks a significant achievement, as the EU+ market is now catching up with the rest of Europe2 (+2.9%), which previously outpaced its air traffic recovery.

Indeed, when compared to the same period last year, the EU+ market (+11.9%) and the rest of Europe (+13.1%) saw passenger traffic increasing at a similar pace in Q3.

Country performance shows disparities and multispeed recovery
Amongst EU+ airports, the best passenger traffic recovery in Q3 to 2019 levels came from airports in Luxembourg (+13.3%), Greece (+12.9%), Portugal (+11.0%), Malta (+6.5%) and Croatia (+6.4%).

At the other end of the spectrum, impacted still by the war in Ukraine and the closure of Russian airspace to EU airlines, airports in Finland (-32.8%) remained well below their pre-pandemic passenger traffic levels. Other EU+ countries that also lagged in their recovery and remained more than 15% behind their 2019 Q3 levels included Slovenia (-26.1%), Sweden (-21.1%), Bulgaria (-19.6%), Germany (-18.3%), Latvia (-16.8%) and Czechia (-15.6%).

Airports in the rest of Europe continued to demonstrate remarkable dynamism in Q3, with the exception of those in Ukraine which have been losing all commercial air traffic since February 2022.

Among the larger countries, Türkiye's airports have outperformed their 2019 third-quarter levels by +6.0%, while Russian airports reported at -0.6%.

Airports in Israel (-0.1%) were about to achieve a full recovery to their pre-pandemic (Q3 2019) levels, a performance now compromised by the conflict that erupted last month.

Notable strong performers in the region include airports in Albania (+114.9%) buoyed by Ultra-Low Cost Carriers’ expansion - as well as airports in Uzbekistan (+99.9%), Armenia (+70.9%) and Kazakhstan (+46.3%) all benefitting from traffic shifts in the wake of the war between Russia and Ukraine.  

Recovery patterns shaping airport performance
Passenger traffic at the Majors (top five European airports) grew by +14.7% in Q3 compared to the same period last year but still lagged -4.7% below their pre-pandemic levels of Q3 2019.

• London-Heathrow secured its top position during Q3, with a remarkable +22.9% year-on-year increase in passenger traffic. It exceeded its 2019 levels primarily due to a robust performance in September (+4.4%).
• Istanbul came second, in a near tie, a mere 0.7% behind Heathrow - separated by less than 200,000 passengers. Its passenger traffic surged by +10.8% when compared to Q3 2021 and stood at an impressive +14.1% above its pre-pandemic (Q3 2019) levels.
• Paris-CDG held a solid third place, with traffic increasing +9.5% year-on-year and at -12.2% below its pre-pandemic (Q3 2019) volume.
• Amsterdam-Schiphol (+13.6% year on year | -10.9% versus Q3 2019) and Frankfurt (+16.9% year-on-year | -14.1% versus Q3 2019) placed in the fourth and fifth positions, respectively.

The passenger traffic performance of selected other large airports in Q3 also reflected a summer recovery largely relying on intra-European and transatlantic routes, dominated by leisure demand and very much driven by Ultra-Low Cost Carriers’ expansion:

• Athens (+10.2%), Istanbul-Sabiha Gökçen (+8.2%), Lisbon (+5.6%), Paris-Orly (+8.7%), Palma de Mallorca (+2.9%), London-Stansted (+1.3%), Dublin (+1.0%)and Antalya (+0.9%) all surpassed their 2019 Q3 levels.
• While still remaining –5.2% below its pre-pandemic (Q3 2019) volumes, the recovery of Rome-FCO accelerated as the Italian hub achieved the fastest year-on-year growth among the top 20 airports, with a remarkable +26.1%.

Regional airports steal the show
In contrast to the Majors, regional and smaller airports exceeded their passenger traffic volumes from Q3 2019 by an impressive +4%. This achievement also reflects recovery dynamics driven by leisure and intra-European travel, as well as the significant surge in Ultra-Low-Cost Carriers’ capacity.

However, there were substantial variations in performance among regional airports. Those serving popular tourist destinations and relying on Low-Cost Carriers experienced passenger volumes exceeding pre-pandemic levels (Q3 2019), with many breaking absolute records. Notable examples include Trapani (+378%), Perugia (+194%), Zadar (+155.7%), Tirana (+114.9%), Kutaisi (+107.4%), Samarkand (+99.9%), Memmingen (+89.6%), Paris-Beauvais (+44.5%), Funchal (+42.3%), Oviedo (+38.9%), Brno (+35.6%) and Santorini (+30%).

Traffic momentum holding up in September
In September, passenger traffic across the European airport network stood at +12.1% above 2022 levels and at -3.0% compared to 2019.

Airports in the EU+ market continued to improve, reaching -3.9% relative to September 2019. Airports in the rest of Europe registered a +2.0% surge above September 2019.

Freight and aircraft movements
In Q3, freight traffic across the European airport network decreased by -3% compared to the same period last year, with EU+ airports weathering a -2.8% decrease and those in the rest of Europe at -4.4%. Overall, freight traffic remains at a significant -9.8% deficit compared to pre-pandemic (Q3 2019) levels.

Amongst the top 10 European airports for freight traffic, the best performances in Q3 when compared to pre-pandemic volumes came from: Milan-MXP (+22.9%), Istanbul (+19.5%), Leipzig-Halle (+15.5%), Madrid (+15.1%) and Liège (+12.6%).

Aircraft movements increased by +7.8% in Q3 across the European airport network compared to the same period last year, with airports in the EU+ market showing a +7.0% increase, while those in the rest of Europe reported +12.1%.

Data by airport groups
Throughout Q3, airports welcoming more than 25 million passengers per year (Group 1), airports welcoming between 10 and 25 million passengers (Group 2), airports welcoming between five and 10 million passengers (Group 3), airports welcoming between one million and five million passengers per year (Group 4) and airports welcoming between 100 thousand and one million passengers (Group 5) reported an average change of -6.0%, -8.0%, +5.6%, +3.4% and +7.4%, as compared to pre-pandemic traffic levels (Q3 2019). The airports that reported the highest increases in passenger traffic for Q3 2023 (when compared with Q3 2022) are as follows:

GROUP 1: Istanbul (+14.1%), Athens (+10.2%), Paris ORY (+8.7%), Istanbul SAW (+8.2%), Lisbon (+5.6%).

GROUP 2: Naples (+21.4%), Porto (+18.4%), Bergamo (+11.6%), Marseille (+10.4%), Málaga (+10.2%).

GROUP 3: Sochi (+115.8%), Almaty (+51.8%), Astana (+39.8%), Belgrade (+24.6%), Valencia (+20.6%).

GROUP 4: Tirana (+114.9%), Memmingen (+89.6%), Yerevan (+70.9%), Beauvais (+44.5%), Funchal (+42.3%).

GROUP 5: Trapani (+378.0%), Perugia (+194.0%), Zadar (+155.7%), Kutaisi (+107.4%), Samarkand (+99.9%).

ACI EUROPE Airport Traffic Reports are the only air transport reports to include all types of airline passenger flights to, from and within Europe: full service, low cost, charter and others. ACI EUROPE has recently expanded their monthly coverage to include over 450 airports, representing over 95% of European airport traffic. ACI EUROPE is the European region of Airports Council International (ACI), the only worldwide professional association of airport operators. ACI EUROPE represents over 500 airports in 55 countries.