UK to build brain of SKAO telescopes

Above: Artist impression of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) telescope, Australia.
Courtesy UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)

The SKAO will delve into the role of some the earliest processes in fashioning galaxies like our own Milky Way, among many other science goals.

From its headquarters in the UK, the SKAO will oversee the delivery and operations of two cutting-edge, complementary arrays with:

• 197 radio telescope dishes located in South Africa
• more than 130,000 low-frequency antennas in Western Australia.

Thinking power behind the instruments
Underpinning these incredible instruments is the thinking power of its software system.

The system tells the telescopes where to look and when, diagnosing any issues and translating the telescope signals into useable data from which discoveries can be made.

The UK has already played a vital role in the software for the telescopes during the design phase.

The UK is now set to continue leading this area as the telescopes are constructed.

Outstanding scientists shaping the future
Science Minister George Freeman said: "It is no surprise that the UK’s outstanding scientists are playing such a vital role in shaping the future of this cutting-edge global observatory, backed by £15 million government funding.

"As well as providing the foundation for new galaxy-level discoveries, this award will help to guarantee future contracts for UK industry, secure skilled jobs and develop a highly-transferrable technology in the UK, channelling more money back into the UK economy.

"This reflects the incredible skill of our science community, who are working hand-in-hand with industry to ensure the UK continues to grow as a global science superpower."

Software central nervous system of SKAO
The Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) has awarded more than £15 million to UK institutions to deliver the UK’s national contribution to software development during the construction project.

UK institutions include:

• University of Cambridge
• University of Manchester
• University of Oxford
• STFC’s Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Harwell Campus
• STFC’s Daresbury Laboratory, Liverpool City Region
• STFC’s Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC), Edinburgh

The SKAO headquarters is based at Jodrell Bank, near Manchester and its expansion was co-funded by the UK government’s Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), through STFC.

The UK government, through STFC, is the largest contributor to the SKAO.

The government currently has a commitment to support 15% of the total cost of construction and initial operations from 2021 to 2030.

Leading role developing SKAO telescopes
Professor Mark Thomson, Executive Chair of STFC and member of the SKAO Council, said: "The UK continues to play a leading role in the SKAO and the development of its telescopes.

"For any large scientific endeavour, the linchpin of its success lies in the infrastructure.

"Without the power to process and organise the vast amounts of information these telescopes will gather, we could not make the important discoveries.

"With the skills and expertise of our researchers and colleagues in industry, the UK will deliver the computing brain and nervous system of the telescopes to enable the observations and unlock the science."

Building the next generation of telescopes
The SKAO recently received from its member states the go-ahead to start its construction phase.

Construction is expected to be completed by the end of the decade, with the telescopes anticipated to operate for over 50 years.

As one of the largest scientific endeavours in history, the SKAO brings together more than 500 engineers and 1,000 scientists in more than 20 countries.

Searching the sky faster
The telescopes will be able to survey the sky much faster than existing radio telescopes, and so will require powerful computing to:
ingest and process in real time the expected data rate of 8 terabits of data per second
support the regional processing centres managing more than 700 petabytes a year.

At these challenging scales, high performance computing and software design are a cornerstone of the project.

Specialised cutting-edge software is being designed to control and monitor the telescope operations, and to allow detailed calibration and processing the huge amounts scientific data.

Working with industry
As well as utilising the expertise from UK’s research and academia, software development also relies on vital input from industry partners.

STFC’s Conrad Graham, UK project manager, said: "Involvement with the SKA project brings significant benefits for the UK, not just in terms of direct economic returns on investment, but also via innovation and technological spin offs, driven by the requirements of the project.

"The award of new contracts will provide opportunities for UK industry to engage with the project across all areas of SKA software design.

"As a result of the UK’s participation and the SKAO’s policy of fair work return, the UK is leading on seven high-value construction contracts, which will see the creation of significant new opportunities for UK industry."